Intubation/Endotracheal Tube Complications

• Local Trauma
• Endotracheal Tube Obstruction or Occlusion
• Esophageal Intubation
• Right- or Left-Mainstem Bronchus Intubation
• Aspiration
• Tracheal Stenosis or Necrosis

Patient-Ventilator Dyssychrony

• Inappropriate Timing and Delivery of a Mechanical Breath in Response to Patient Effort
• *See Patient-Ventilator Dyssychrony

Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI)

• Atelectrauma – Trauma from the Shear-Stress Created by Recruiting/Opening Atelectatic Alveoli
• Barotrauma – Trauma from High Inspiratory Pressure Causing Alveolar Over-Distention
• Volutrauma – Trauma from Increased Volume Causing Alveolar Over-Distention
• Biotrauma – Additional Injury Due to the Inflammatory Response to Mechanical Injury
• *See Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI)

Dynamic Hyperinflation (DHI)

• Definitions:
  • Air Trapping (Air Stacking): Hyperinflation (Increased End-Expiratory Lung Volumes) Due to Incomplete Exhalation
  • Auto PEEP (Intrinsic PEEP/PEEPi): Increased Positive End Expiratory Pressure from Hyperinflation
• *See Dynamic Hyperinflation (DHI)

Ventilator-Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction (VIDD)

• Diaphragm Muscle Atrophy and Contractile Dysfunction
• Caused by Oxidative Stress, Protein Imbalance, and Myotrauma

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

• *See Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Other Complications

• Secretion Retention
• Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer
• Oxygen Toxicity
• Increased Intrathoracic Pressure Causing Decreased Venous Return and Cardiac Output